Medicinal Plants with Antimalarial Potentials from Northern Nigeria: A Review

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

2 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Modibbo Adama University,Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

Abstract

Malaria is a prevalent infectious disease that is transmitted by parasites through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Despite advancements in medical science, malaria is still a significant global health challenge, especially in regions like northern Nigeria. Medicinal plants have long played a pivotal role in traditional healthcare systems, serving as valuable sources of therapeutic compounds. In the context of malaria, certain plants in Northern Nigeria have been traditionally recognized for their antimalarial properties, offering an alternative or complementary approach to conventional treatments. The significance of these medicinal plants lies in their potential to provide accessible, cost-effective, and culturally relevant solutions for managing malaria. Traditional knowledge about these plants has been passed down through generations, contributing to the resilience of local communities against the disease. This review explores the rich diversity of medicinal plants in Northern Nigeria with antimalarial properties. Through extensive research utilizing various search engines, we identified and examined 30 distinct plant species traditionally used in the treatment of malaria across the region. The documented uses, phytochemical compositions, and therapeutic potentials of these plants contribute valuable insights into the traditional medicinal practices of Northern Nigeria. Our findings underscore the importance of further scientific investigation and documentation of these natural resources, with the potential for developing novel antimalarial drugs and fostering sustainable healthcare practices in the region.

Highlights

Mahmoud Suleiman Jada (Google Scholar)

Keywords


1.    Awadh Ali NA, Al Sokari SS, Gushash A, Anwar S, Al-Karani K, Al-Khulaidi A. Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants in Albaha Region, Saudi Arabia. Pharmacognosy Res. 2017 Oct-Dec;9(4):401-407. doi: 10.4103/pr.pr_11_17. PMID: 29263636; PMCID: PMC5717795.
2.    Laryea MK, Borquaye LS. Antimalarial Efficacy and Toxicological Assessment of Extracts of Some Ghanaian Medicinal Plants. J Parasitol Res. 2019 Aug 1;2019:1630405. doi: 10.1155/2019/1630405. PMID: 31467688; PMCID: PMC6699259.
3.    Clement, O. A., Anthony, A. E., Félicien, M. K., Mercy, G. T., Hedmon, O., Anke, W., . . . Patrick, E. O. A review for selecting medicinal plants commonly used for malaria in Uganda. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2020, 14(9), 347–361. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5182
4.    YYu T, Fu Y, Kong X, Liu X, Yan G, Wang Y. Epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Shandong Province, China, from 2012 to 2017. Sci Rep. 2020 May 5;10(1):7568. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64593-1. PMID: 32371895; PMCID: PMC7200687.
5.    Osman, C. P., and Ismail, N. H. Antiplasmodial Anthraquinones from Medicinal Plants: The Chemistry and Possible Mode of Actions. Natural Product Communications, 2018, 13(12),1934578X1801301.https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801301207.
6.    Uzor PF. Alkaloids from Plants with Antimalarial Activity: A Review of Recent Studies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020 Feb 12;2020:8749083. doi: 10.1155/2020/8749083. PMID: 32104196; PMCID: PMC7037883.
7.    Ezenyi IC, Verma V, Singh S, Okhale SE, Adzu B. Ethnopharmacology-aided antiplasmodial evaluation of six selected plants used for malaria treatment in Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020 May 23;254:112694. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112694. Epub 2020 Feb 21. PMID: 32092499.
8.    Awoibi, K. and Amah, H. Antiplasmodial and Toxicological Effects of Ethanolic Extracts of Mango (Mangifera indica) Leaves and Bitter Cola (Garcinia kola) Seeds in Albino Rats. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) 2019, Volume VI, Issue VIII, | ISSN 2321–2705
9.    Dogara, A. M., Labaran, I., and Yunusa, A. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants with antimalarial potential in Northern Nigeria. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 2020, 19. https://doi.org/10.32859/era.19.32.1-8
10.    Jibira Y, Cudjoe E, Tei-Maya FM, Ayensu B, Amoah LE. The Effectiveness of Varying Combination Ratios of A. cordifolia and M. indica against Field and Laboratory Strains of P. falciparum In Vitro. J Parasitol Res. 2020 Nov 14;2020:8836771. doi: 10.1155/2020/8836771. PMID: 33294217; PMCID: PMC7691008.
11.    Mukarram M, Choudhary S, Khan MA, Poltronieri P, Khan MMA, Ali J, Kurjak D, Shahid M. Lemongrass Essential Oil Components with Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Dec 22;11(1):20. doi: 10.3390/antiox11010020. PMID: 35052524; PMCID: PMC8773226.
12.    Available from ANR. California Agriculture, 2014, 68(4), 160–160. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v068n04p160
13.    Arome, D., Chinedu, E., Ameh, S., and Sunday, A. Comparative antiplasmodial evaluation of Cymbopogon citratus extracts in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Journal of Current Research in Scientific Medicine, 2016, 2(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.4103/2455-3069.184126. 
14.    Avoseh O, Oyedeji O, Rungqu P, Nkeh-Chungag B, Oyedeji A. Cymbopogon species; ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and the pharmacological importance. Molecules. 2015 Apr 23;20(5):7438-53. doi: 10.3390/molecules20057438. PMID: 25915460; PMCID: PMC6272507.
15.    Raymond, B. B., Germain S. T., David, D. F. S., Orelien Sylvain, M. B., Hart Mann, A. Y., Seraphin, N. O. M., Liliane, L. T., and Helen, K. K. Prophylactic antimalarial effects of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Poaceae) in a mouse model of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection: normalisation of haematological and serum biochemical status. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021, 15(1), 05–017. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.15.1.0084
16.    Shah G, Shri R, Panchal V, Sharma N, Singh B, Mann AS. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Cymbopogon citratus, stapf (Lemon grass). J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2011 Jan;2(1):3-8. doi: 10.4103/2231-4040.79796. PMID: 22171285; PMCID: PMC3217679.
17.    Magotra, S., Singh, A. P., and Singh, A. P. A review on pharmacological activities of cymbopogon citratus. International Journal of Pharmaceutics and Drug Analysis, 2021,  151–157. https://doi.org/10.47957/ijpda.v9i2.475
18.    Kuete, V. Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, book chapter, 2014, 635-657. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000182000224
19.    Qian H, Wang L, Li Y, Wang B, Li C, Fang L, Tang L. The traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Abrus precatorius L.: A comprehensive review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Oct 5;296:115463. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115463. Epub 2022 Jun 14. PMID: 35714881.
20.    Tion, M., Fotina, H., and Saganuwan, S. Phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, median lethal dose (LD50), hematological and biochemical effects of various extracts of Abrus precatorius seeds in Mus musculus. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 2018, 5(3), 354. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e286
21.    Paul E. D., Sangodare R. S. A., Uroko R. I., Agbaji A.S. and Dakare M. A. Chemical analysis of leaves of Abrus precatorius. International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2013, 5(5), 65-67. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPPB2013.0193
22.    Iyamah PC, Idu M. Ethnomedicinal survey of plants used in the treatment of malaria in Southern Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Sep 15;173:287-302. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.008. Epub 2015 Jul 14. PMID: 26187278.
23.    Oladimeji, A. V., and Valan, M. F. The Potential Therapeutic Advantage of Abrus precatorius Linn. an Alternative to Glycyrrhiza glabra: A Review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021, 79–94. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i4031035
24.    Saganuwan, S. A., Onyeyili, P. A., Ameh, E. G., and Udok Etuk, E. In vivo antiplasmodial activity by aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius in mice. Revista latinoamericana de química, 2011, 39(2), 32-44.
25.    Saganuwan, S. A., Patrick, A. O., Igoche, G. A., Ngozi, J. N., and Reto, B. In vitro antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of various fractions of Abrus precatorius leaf. International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health, 2015, 5(3), 221-229.
26.    Ahmad, H. A., Review on Anogeissus leiocarpus: A Potent African Traditional Drug. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry , 2014, 4(3):496500
27.    Bello, A. and Jimoh, A. Some physical and mechanical properties of African birch (Anogeissus leiocarpus) timber. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2018, 22(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v22i1.14
28.    Madara, A. A., Iliya, C. B., Azare, B. A. and Elkanah, O.S. Ethnobotanical Survey of plants used in the treatment of malaria by the Rumaya people of Kauru Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Direct Research Journal of Public Health and Technology, 2018, 3 (5)58-62. https://doi.org/10.26765/DRJPHET.2018.3027
29.    Nda-Umar U, Gbate M, Umar AN, Mann A. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used for The Treatment of Malaria in Nupe land, North Central Nigeria. Global J Res Med Plants Indigenous Med. 2014 04;3(4):112-126.
30.    Hussaini, Y., Bello, R. Y., and Mustapha, T. Preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark extract. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2022, 11(11): 113-117 ISSN (E): 2277-7695.
31.    Shuaibu MN, Wuyep PT, Yanagi T, Hirayama K, Ichinose A, Tanaka T, Kouno I. Trypanocidal activity of extracts and compounds from the stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus and Terminalia avicennoides. Parasitol Res. 2008 Mar;102(4):697-703. doi: 10.1007/s00436-007-0815-1. Epub 2007 Dec 9. PMID: 18066599.
32.    Basalingappa, K. M. Medicinal Uses of Carica Papaya. Journal of Natural and Ayurvedic Medicine, 2018, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.23880/jonam-16000144
33.    Oraebosi MI, Good GM. Carica papaya augments anti-malarial efficacy of artesunate in Plasmodium berghei parasitized mice. Ann Parasitol. 2021;67(2):295-303. doi: 10.17420/ap6702.342. PMID: 34598401.
34.    Akhila, S. and Vijayalakshmi, N. G. Phytochemical studies on Carica papaya leaf juice. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2015, 6. 880- 883.
35.    Mukhtar, Y., Adam, A. I., Abdulkadir, A. I., Yakudima, I. I., Galalain, A. M. Ethno Botanical Survey of Medicinal Flora Used for the Treatment of Malaria in Madobi Town, Kano State – Nigeria. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 2019, 3 (2): 400-409.
36.    Ene, A. C. and Atawodi, S. E. Ethnomedicinal survey of plants used by the Kanuris of North-eastern Nigeria. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge
, 2012, 11 (4),640-645.
37.    Kunle, O. F., Ali, A. A. and Egharevba, H. O. Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Malaria in Rukuba, Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2013, 2(4) 134-138   ISSN: 2277-1921
38.    Dwivedi, M. K., Sonter, S., Mishra, S., Patel, D. K., and Singh, P. K. Antioxidant, antibacterial activity, and phytochemical characterization of Carica papaya flowers. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-020-00048-w
39.    Momoh, J. O., Damazio, O. A., and  Oyegbami, O. M. GC–MS Analysis and Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Carica papaya against Plasmodium berghei NK65 Infection in Swiss Mice. Annual Research and Review in Biology, 2020, 183–197. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2020/v35i1230323
40.    Longdet, I.,  and Adoga, E. Effect of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Carica papaya on Plasmodium berghei Infection in Albino Mice. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2017, 20(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2017/34698
41.    Omagha, R., Idowu, E., Alimba, C., Otubanjo, A., Agbaje, E., and Ajaegbu, H. Physicochemical and phytochemical screening of six plants commonly used in the treatment of malaria in Nigeria. Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics, 2021, 19(2), 483–501. https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v19i2.6
42.    Enejoh, O. S., Ogunyemi, I. O., Bala, M. S., Oruene, I. S., Suleiman, M. M., and Ambali, S. F. Ethnomedical Importance of Citrus Aurantifolia (Christm) Swingle. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2015, 4(8): 01-06 ISSN: 2277- 7695.
43.    Enejoh, S. O., Suleiman, M. M., Ajanusi, J. O., and Ambali, S. F.  In vitro anthelmintic efficacy of extracts of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) Swingle fruit peels against Heligmosomoides bakeri ova and larvae. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 2015, 7(2):92-96.
44.    Oderinde, O., James, O., Shagari, A., Bashar, K. and Bilbis, F. Phytochemical Analysis and In-Vitro Screening of Citrus Aurantifolia Leaf Extracts for Schizonticidal Activity on Clinical Isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. The Beam journal of arts and science, 2016, 9. 81.
45.    Ettebong, E., Ubulom, P., and Etuk, A. Antiplasmodial activity of methanol leaf extract of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) Swingle. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 2019, 8(4), 274–280. https://doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2019.40
46.    Dange, S. S., Rao, P. S. and Jadhav, R. S. Traditional Uses of Guava: A Review. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2020, 9(5), 452-464. DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20205-17297.
47.    Bijauliya, R.K., Alok, S., Kumar, M., Chanchal, D.K., Sabharwal, M., and Yadav, R.D. An Update of Pharmacological Activity of Psidium Guajava In the Treatment of Various Diseases. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2018, 9(3): 883-893 ISSN: 2320-5148.
48.    Joseph, B., and MiniPriya, R. Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of guava (Psidium guajava Linn.). International journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2011, 3(2): 56-73.
49.    Yusuf, C. S., Zakawa, N. N., Tizhe, T. D., Timon, D., Andrew, A. D.  and Musa, I. F. Ethnobotanical Survey and Phytochemical Analysis of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Leaves in Some Communities of Mubi North, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Research in Botany, 2021, 5(4): 26-33, https://doi.org/10.53294/ijflsr.2021.1.1.0035 
50.    Akshay, R.Y., Pravin, P. H., Manisha, D. R., Vidya, N. D., and Shrinivas, K. M., Antimalarial Activity of Psidium guajava Leaf Extracts, International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemistry, 2020, 5(6)63-68. http://ijsrch.com/IJSRCH205612 
51.    Alozieuwa, U.B., Mann, A., Kabiru, A.Y., and Ogbadoyi, E.O. In vivo antimalarial efficacy of Psidium guajava leaf crude extract and fractions in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. AROC in Natural Products Research, 2022, 2(1);28-37, https://doi.org/10.53858/arocnpr02012837
52.    Orwa C., Mutua A., Kindt R., Jamnadass R., and Simons A. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya, 2009. https://www.worldagroforestry.org/output/agroforestree-database accessed on 12-12-2022.
53.    Belonwu, D. C., Ibegbulem, C. O., and Chikezie, P. C. Systemic evaluation of antibacterial activity of Anacardium occidentale. Journal of  Phytopharmacology, 2014, 3(3), 193-199.
54.    Joseph, A. O., Samson, O. T. Antiplasmodial Efficacy of Anacardium occidentale in Albino Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei. Journal of Family Medicine and Disease Prevention, 2020, 6:123. doi.org/10.23937/24695793/1510123
55.    Gimenez, V. M. M., Alvarenga, T. A., Groppo, M., Silva, M. L. A. E., Cunha, W. R., Januário, A. H., Smilkstein, M. J., Riscoe, M. K., and Pauletti, P. M. Antiplasmodial evaluation of Anacardium occidentale and alkyl-phenols. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 2019,  29(1), 36-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2018.11.003
56.    Chekka, S. and Mantipelly, N. Momordica charantia: A natural medicinal plant. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2020, 12(02), 129-135. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.12.2.0251
57.    Aljohi A, Matou-Nasri S, Ahmed N. Antiglycation and Antioxidant Properties of Momordica charantia. PLoS One. 2016 Aug 11;11(8):e0159985. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159985. PMID: 27513747; PMCID: PMC4981456.
58.    Abdulrahman, M. D., Bradosty, S. W., Hamad, S. W., Ibrahim, M. T., Lema, A. A., Sunusi, N., Usman, M., Ashiru, I., Ahmad, N. B., Wada, N., and Bussmann, R. W. Traditional Methods for Treatment and Management of Measles in Northern Nigeria: Medicinal plants and their molecular docking. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 2022, 23, 1–18. Retrieved from https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/359
59.    Akanji C, Mojisola C, Taiwo E and Ola O. The antimalaria effect of Momordica charantia L. and Mirabilis jalapa leaf extracts using animal model. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2016, 10: 344–350.
60.    Akintola, A.O., Kehinde, B. D., Ayoola, P. B., Ibikunle, G. J., Oyewande, E. A., Arotayo, R. A., Akwu B. P., and Bello, M. O. Antimalarial Activity of the Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Stem of Momordica Charantia in Plasmodium Berghei Infected Mice. Journal of Communicable Diseases, 2022, 54(3): 34-47.
61.    Murali, S. and Deepa, N. A Comprehensive Review of Sida Acuta: Potential Plant of Medical Interest. European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, 2022, 9(3): 10629-10638.
62.    Nwankpa P., Chukwuemeka, O. G., Uloneme, G. C., Etteh, C. C., Ugwuezumba, P., Nwosu D. Phyto-nutrient composition and oxidative potential of ethanolic leaf extracts of Sida acuta in wistar albino rats. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2015, 14(49):3264- 3269. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2015.14897
63.    Dinda B, Das N, Dinda S, Dinda M, SilSarma I. The genus Sida L. - A traditional medicine: Its ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological data for commercial exploitation in herbal drugs industry. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Dec 24;176:135-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.027. Epub 2015 Oct 21. PMID: 26497766.
64.    Zakariyya, Y. M., Adefolalu, F.S. and Abubakar. A. Antiplasmodial Effect of Crude Ethanol and Alkaloidal Extracts of Sida acuta Leaf in mice. Journal of Science,Technology, Mathematics and Education, 2019, 4(2):65-68. 
65.    Adesina, D. A., Adefolalu, S. F., Jigam, A. A., and Lawal, B. Antiplasmodial effect and sub-acute toxicity of alkaloid, flavonoid and phenolic extracts of Sida acuta leaf on Plasmodium berghei-infected animals. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 2020, 14(1), 943–953. https://doi.org/10.1080/16583655.2020.1790912
66.    Nakkliang, K., Chaichareonkul, W., Kuesap, J., Rungsihirunrat, K. Evaluation of in vitro antimalarial activity of Sida acuta Burm.f. crude extract. SNRU Journal of Science and Technology, 2020), 12(1), 130–136.
67.    Waiganjo B, Moriasi G, Onyancha J, Elias N, Muregi F. Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Malaria in Embu County, Kenya. J Parasitol Res. 2020 Jul 7;2020:8871375. doi: 10.1155/2020/8871375. PMID: 32724666; PMCID: PMC7364238.
68.    Chouna HSD, Dize D, Kagho DUK, Bankeu JJK, Fongang YSF, Tali MBT, et al. Constituents from ripe figs of Ficus vallis-choudae Delile (Moraceae) with antiplasmodial activity. Parasitol Res. 2022 Jul;121(7):2121-2127. doi: 10.1007/s00436-022-07540-5. Epub 2022 May 17. PMID: 35578036; PMCID: PMC9110216.
69.    Okokon JE, Antia BS, Mohanakrishnan D, Sahal D. Antimalarial and antiplasmodial activity of husk extract and fractions of Zea mays. Pharm Biol. 2017 Dec;55(1):1394-1400. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1302966. PMID: 28320254; PMCID: PMC6130627.
70.    Okokon JE, Antia BS, Igboasoiyi AC, Essien EE, Mbagwu HO. Evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of ethanolic seed extract of Picralima nitida. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 May 22;111(3):464-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.12.016. Epub 2006 Dec 20. PMID: 17234375.
71.    Hawadak J, Kojom Foko LP, Pande V, Singh V. In vitro antiplasmodial activity, hemocompatibility and temporal stability of Azadirachta indica silver nanoparticles. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2022 Dec;50(1):286-300. doi: 10.1080/21691401.2022.2126979. PMID: 36214490.
72.    Elebiyo, T. C., Oluba, O. M., and Adeyemi, O. S. Anti-malarial and haematological evaluation of the ethanolic, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of Chromolaena odorata. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 2023, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-04200-8
73.    Amang À Ngnoung GA, Nganso Ditchou YO, Leutcha PB, Dize D, Tatsimo SJN, Tchokouaha LRY, et al. Antiplasmodial and Antileishmanial Activities of a New Limonoid and Other Constituents from the Stem Bark of Khaya senegalensis. Molecules. 2023 Oct 23;28(20):7227. doi: 10.3390/molecules28207227. PMID: 37894704; PMCID: PMC10609173.
74.    Tchoumbougnang F, Zollo PH, Dagne E, Mekonnen Y. In vivo antimalarial activity of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Planta Med. 2005 Jan;71(1):20-3. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-837745. PMID: 15678368.
75.    Aboubakar, S., Souleymane, S., Adama, G., Lamoussa, P. O., Noufou, O., Jean-Baptiste, N., and Sodiomon, B. S. Antiplasmodial activity of Vernonia cinerea Less (Asteraceae), a plant used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso to treat malaria. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2017, 11(5), 87–93. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2016.4703
76.    Ajayi AM, Coker AI, Oyebanjo OT, Adebanjo IM, Ademowo OG. Ananas comosus (L) Merrill (pineapple) fruit peel extract demonstrates antimalarial, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in experimental models. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Jan 10;282:114576. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114576. Epub 2021 Aug 27. PMID: 34461191.
77.    Vigbedor BY, Osei-Owusu J, Kwakye R, Neglo D. Bioassay-Guided Fractionation, ESI-MS Scan, Phytochemical Screening, and Antiplasmodial Activity of Afzelia africana. Biochem Res Int. 2022 Apr 13;2022:6895560. doi: 10.1155/2022/6895560. PMID: 35465443; PMCID: PMC9020990.
78.    Mogaka, S., Molu, H., Kagasi, E., Ogila, K., Waihenya, R., Onditi, F., and Ozwara, H. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link root extract inhibits Plasmodium growth in vitro and in mice. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 2023, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-03854-8
79.    Barine, N. I., Augustine, U., and Comfort, M. In vivo Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Young Fronds of Teridium aquilinum l. Kuhn in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei. Pharmacologyonline, 2014, 4 ( 1): 114-120
80.    Aliyu K, Mohammed Y, Abdullahi IN, Umar AA, Bashir F, Sani MN, Kabuga AI, Adamu AY, Akande AO. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of Phyllanthus amarus against Plasmodium falciparum and evaluation of its acute toxicity effect in mouse model. Trop Parasitol. 2021 Jan-Jun;11(1):31-37. doi: 10.4103/tp.TP_78_20. Epub 2021 May 14. PMID: 34195058; PMCID: PMC8213120.
81.    Mutai C, Rukunga G, Vagias C, Roussis V. In vivo screening of antimalarial activity of Acacia mellifera (Benth) (Leguminosae) on Plasmodium berghei in mice. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2007 Oct 27;5(1):46-50. PMID: 20162054; PMCID: PMC2816603.
82.    Olasehinde, G., Ayanda, O., Egwari, L., Ajayi, A., and Awofeso, T. In vivo Antiplasmodial Activity of Crude Ethanolic and N-hexane Extracts of Moringa oleifera Leaves. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2016, 906–910. https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.0161
83.    Oyebola OE, Morenikeji OA, Ademola IO. In-vivo antimalarial activity of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of Trema orientalis against Plasmodium berghei in mice. J Parasit Dis. 2017 Jun;41(2):398-404. doi: 10.1007/s12639-016-0815-0. Epub 2016 Jul 7. PMID: 28615849; PMCID: PMC5447592.
84.    Okpe, O., Elijah J, P., Obi, B. C., and Fred, C. N. O. Vitex doniana, In-Vitro Antioxidant, Membrane Stabilization Potential and Protective Impact against Plasmodium berghei-Passaged Mice. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy, 2023, 10(3), 15-23.
85.    Ezenyi IC, Okpoko CK, Ufondu CA, Okhale SE, Adzu B. Antiplasmodial, antinociceptive and antipyretic potential of the stem bark extract of Burkea africana and identification of its antiplasmodial-active fraction. J Tradit Complement Med. 2021 Jan 6;11(4):311-317. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.12.004. PMID: 34195025; PMCID: PMC8240106.
86.    Bonkian LN, Yerbanga RS, Koama B, Soma A, Cisse M, Valea I, et al. In Vivo Antiplasmodial Activity of Two Sahelian Plant Extracts on Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infected NMRI Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018 May 24;2018:6859632. doi: 10.1155/2018/6859632. PMID: 29977316; PMCID: PMC5994278.