Design of a cinnamon essential oil cream-based formulation as an analgesic for headache topical management

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

2 Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

3 Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

4 Department of Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Headache is one of the most common types of pain that approximately every individual experiences at some point in their life. Due to unknown pathophysiology, identification of the exact origin and causes of headache are challenging. Headache is a chronic condition that disturbs a person ̓s life. Various intervention such as including medication, massage therapy, aromatherapy, and herbal treatments are used to alleviate headaches. Medication is administered orally, intranasally, via injection, or topically through skin absorption. Traditional Persian medicine (TPM) introduces various herbal remedies to manage headaches. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J.Presl), belongs to Lauraceae family, mentioned for the alleviation of headaches in TPM. Accordingly, current study was carried out to design and prepare a new topical herbal dosage form from Cinnamon essential oil. Following essential oil extraction, volatile constituents were analyzed via a Gas chromatography/Mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Cinnamaldehyde was found as the major compound. Subsequently, appropriate amounts of the oil were subjected to cream formulations to check the pharmaceutical parameters. The final preparation underwent evaluations, including macroscopic and microscopic tests for odor, color, appearance, phase separation, as well as pH, rheology, centrifugation, microbial limits, and texture analysis. Finally, based on the quantification via GC, cinnamaldehyde was determined as 3982.68±116.04 µg in a 50 mg tube of 2.5% of the cinnamon bark essential oil. This investigation can be introduced to be examined as an herbal topical medication in the management of headache and cephalic pain. 

Highlights

Mohammad M. Zarshenas (Google Scholar)

Keywords

References

1.    Assina R, Sarris CE, Mammis A. The history of craniotomy for headache treatment. Neurosurg Focus. 2014 Apr;36(4):E9. doi: 10.3171/2014.1.FOCUS13549. PMID: 24684340.
2.    Gee JR, Ishaq Y, Vijayan N. Postcraniotomy headache. Headache. 2003 Mar;43(3):276-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03053.x. PMID: 12603648.
3.    Jensen R, Stovner LJ. Epidemiology and comorbidity of headache. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Apr;7(4):354-61. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70062-0. PMID: 18339350.
4.    Uthman OA. Global, regional, and national disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990‐2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) 2015 Study. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1603-58.
5.    Lipton R, Schwedt T, Friedman B. GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1545-602.
6.    Jensen R, Rasmussen BK. Burden of headache. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2004 Jun;4(3):353-9. doi: 10.1586/14737167.4.3.353. PMID: 19807317.
7.    Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004;24 Suppl 1:9-160. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2003.00824.x. PMID: 14979299.
8.    Akramo Sadat A, Fatemeh N, Fatemeh E, Laila S, Hoorie Mohammadi K, Mohammad Hossein A. Persian medicine non-pharmacological therapies for headache: phlebotomy and wet cupping. J Tradit Chin Med. 2018 Jun;38(3):457-464. PMID: 32185981.
9.    Pierce MW. Transdermal delivery of sumatriptan for the treatment of acute migraine. Neurotherapeutics. 2010 Apr;7(2):159-63. doi: 10.1016/j.nurt.2010.03.005. PMID: 20430314; PMCID: PMC5084096.
10.    Zarshenas MM, Petramfar P, Firoozabadi A, Moein MR, Mohagheghzadeh A. Types of headache and those remedies in traditional persian medicine. Pharmacogn Rev. 2013 Jan;7(13):17-26. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.112835. PMID: 23922452; PMCID: PMC3731875.
11.    Domínguez-Rodríguez V, González-Hernández A. Remedies for headaches in a closet for ladies and gentlewomen (1608). Headache. 2011 Apr;51(4):632-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01719.x. PMID: 20561064.
12.    Moshki P, Moshki H. Treatment with Medicinal Plants. Tehran: Farhang va Ghalam; 1399.
13.    Hajimonfarednejad M, Ostovar M, Raee MJ, Hashempur MH, Mayer JG, Heydari M. Cinnamon: A systematic review of adverse events. Clin Nutr. 2019 Apr;38(2):594-602. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.013. Epub 2018 Apr 5. PMID: 29661513.
14.    Samani SM, Moein M, Petramfar P, Zarshenas MM. Development and Assessment of a Gas Chromatographic Based Method for the Quantification of Thymol from Cream Based Formulation. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2016;13(2):77-83. doi: 10.2174/1570163813666160519111145. PMID: 27193568.
15.    Buhse L, Kolinski R, Westenberger B, Wokovich A, Spencer J, Chen CW, Turujman S, Gautam-Basak M, Kang GJ, Kibbe A, Heintzelman B. Topical drug classification. Int J Pharm. 2005 May 13;295(1-2):101-12.
16.    Oxford Biosciences. Cosmetic Regulation in a Competitive Environment (Chapter 11; Stability Testing of Cosmetic Products). 2023; [1 Screen]. Available from: https://oxfordbiosciences.com/stability-testing/ . Accessed July 16, 2023.
17.    Barry BW. Rheology of pharmaceutical and cosmetic semisolids. Adv Pharm Sci. 1974;4:1-72. PMID: 4618033.
18.    Tai A, Bianchini R, Jachowicz J. Texture analysis of cosmetic/pharmaceutical raw materials and formulations. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2014 Aug;36(4):291-304. doi: 10.1111/ics.12125. Epub 2014 Jun 30. PMID: 24575934.
19.    Van Durme J, Dewulf J, Sysmans W, Leys C, Van Langenhove H. Abatement and degradation pathways of toluene in indoor air by positive corona discharge. Chemosphere. 2007 Aug;68(10):1821-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.053. Epub 2007 May 8. PMID: 17490711.
20.     Alissandrakis E, Tarantilis PA, Harizanis PC, Polissiou M. Comparison of the volatile composition in thyme honeys from several origins in Greece. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Oct 3;55(20):8152-7. doi: 10.1021/jf071442y. Epub 2007 Sep 8. PMID: 17824662.
21.      Cheng SS, Liu JY, Lin CY, Hsui YR, Lu MC, Wu WJ, Chang ST. Terminating red imported fire ants using Cinnamomum osmophloeum leaf essential oil. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Mar;99(4):889-93. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.039. Epub 2007 Mar 21. PMID: 17369041.
22.     Adams RP. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectroscopy. Allured publishing corporation; 2001.
23.     Laribi B, Kouki K, Mougou A, Marzouk B. Fatty acid and essential oil composition of three Tunisian caraway (Carum carvi L.) seed ecotypes. J Sci Food Agric. 2010 Feb;90(3):391-6. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.3827. PMID: 20355058.
24.     Jordán MJ, Margaría CA, Shaw PE, Goodner KL. Volatile components and aroma active compounds in aqueous essence and fresh pink guava fruit puree (Psidium guajava L.) by GC-MS and multidimensional GC/GC-O. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Feb 26;51(5):1421-6. doi: 10.1021/jf020765l. PMID: 12590492.
25.     Phutdhawong W, Kawaree R, Sanjaiya S, Sengpracha W, Buddhasukh D. Microwave-assisted isolation of essential oil of Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Bl.: comparison with conventional hydrodistillation. Molecules. 2007 Apr 30;12(4):868-77. doi: 10.3390/12040868. PMID: 17851439; PMCID: PMC6149509.
26.     Zeng YX, Zhao CX, Liang YZ, Yang H, Fang HZ, Yi LZ, Zeng ZD. Comparative analysis of volatile components from Clematis species growing in China. Anal Chim Acta. 2007 Jul 9;595(1-2):328-39. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.12.022. Epub 2006 Dec 19. PMID: 17606017.
27.     Lawal OA, Oyedeji AO. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Cyperus rotundus L. from South Africa. Molecules. 2009 Aug 6;14(8):2909-17. doi: 10.3390/molecules14082909. PMID: 19701133; PMCID: PMC6254851.
28.     Zhao C, Zeng Y, Wan M, Li R, Liang Y, Li C, Zeng Z, Chau FT. Comparative analysis of essential oils from eight herbal medicines with pungent flavor and cool nature by GC-MS and chemometric resolution methods. J Sep Sci. 2009 Feb;32(4):660-70. doi: 10.1002/jssc.200800484. PMID: 19212980.
29.     Sabulal B, Dan M, Kurup R, Chandrika SP, George V. Phenylbutanoid‐rich rhizome oil of Zingiber neesanum from Western Ghats, southern India. Flavour Fragrance J. 2007 Nov;22(6):521-4.
30.     Radulović NS, Đorđević ND, Palić RM. Volatiles of Pleurospermum austriacum (L.) Hoffm.(Apiaceae). J Serbian Chem Society. 2010;75(12):1653-60.
31.     Tepe B, Akpulat HA, Sokmen M, Daferera D, Yumrutas O, Aydin E, Polissiou M, Sokmen A. Screening of the antioxidative and antimicrobial properties of the essential oils of Pimpinella anisetum and Pimpinella flabellifolia from Turkey. Food Chem. 2006 Aug 1;97(4):719-24.
32.     Tzakou O, Harvala C, Galati EM, Sanogo R. Essential oil composition of Nepeta argolica Bory et Chaub. subsp. argolica. Flavour Fragrance J. 2000 Mar;15(2):115-8.
33.     Hazzit M, Baaliouamer A, Faleiro ML, Miguel MG. Composition of the essential oils of Thymus and Origanum species from Algeria and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Aug 23;54(17):6314-21. doi: 10.1021/jf0606104. PMID: 16910725.
34.      Feizbaksh A, Tehrani MS, Rustaiyan A, Masoudi S. Composition of the essential oil of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. from Iran. J Essential Oil Res. 2003 Mar 1;15(2):72-3.
35.    McGregor B, Chiang E,Freeman C. Using Texture Analysis to Benchmark Cosmetic Quality. 2018;[1 Screen]. Available from: https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/testing/sensory/article/21837283/using-texture-analysis-to-benchmark-cosmetic-quality. Accessed December 19, 2023.
36.    Friedman M, Kozukue N, Harden LA. Cinnamaldehyde content in foods determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Nov;48(11):5702-9. doi: 10.1021/jf000585g. PMID: 11087542.
37.    Chen BJ, Fu CS, Li GH, Wang XN, Lou HX, Ren DM, Shen T. Cinnamaldehyde Analogues as Potential Therapeutic Agents. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2017;17(1):33-43. doi: 10.2174/1389557516666160121120744. PMID: 26791737.
38.    Ma KJ, Zhu ZZ, Yu CH, Zhang H, Liu J, Qin LP. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities of the ethanol extract from Desmodium caudatum. Pharm Biol. 2011 Apr;49(4):403-7. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2010.520322. PMID: 21428865.
39.    Churihar R, Solanki P, Vyas S, Hemant Tanwani H, Shubham Atal SJ. Analgesic activity of cinnamaldehyde per se and it’s interaction with diclofenac sodium and pentazocine in swiss albino mice. Int. J. Phamacog. 2016;3:97-102.
40.    Izadpanah E, Nikandam F, Moloudi MR, Hassanzadeh K. Evaluation of the analgesic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Cinnamomum in rats. Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci. 2016 Oct 10;21(4):41-8.
Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences
Volume 9, Issue 4
December 2023
Pages 261-270

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics