Botanical Medicinal Oils for Hair Care and Scalp Health

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

2 Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

3 Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

10.30476/tips.2025.104869.1269

Abstract

Hair plays a significant role in human appearance, influencing self-esteem and social interactions. This study explores the efficacy of botanical oil scalp massages as a natural and effective method for promoting hair health and growth. Oil therapy, a traditional practice rooted in various cultures, has been used for centuries to strengthen hair, prevent split ends, and minimize breakage. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in natural remedies, particularly botanical oils rich in vitamins, essential fatty acids, and antioxidants. This review highlights the potential of these oils in enhancing hair health and growth, focusing on their unique properties and benefits. Specific oils, such as coconut oil and argan oil, are examined for their roles in improving hair strength and resilience. Additionally, the study investigates the mechanism of scalp massage, emphasizing its ability to enhance blood circulation and deliver essential nutrients to hair follicles. Improved blood flow is crucial for nourishing hair roots, creating an optimal environment for hair growth and vitality. As more individuals shift toward sustainable and organic personal care products, the importance of botanical oil scalp massages as a natural remedy for hair health becomes increasingly relevant. This study aligns with the growing trend of integrating environmental consciousness with self-care practices, offering a holistic approach to hair care. By exploring the applications and benefits of botanical oils, this review contributes to the expanding body of knowledge on natural wellness solutions, encouraging the incorporation of nature into personal care routines.

Highlights

Amir Azadi (Google Scholar)

Mohammad M. Zarshenas (Google Scholar)

Keywords


1.    Sinclair RD. Healthy hair: what is it? J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2007 Dec;12(2):2-5. doi: 10.1038/sj.jidsymp.5650046. PMID: 18004288.
2.    Pavan S, Prathibha C, Dr Kavitha P, Dr Saraswathi C. Formulation and Evaluation of herbal hair oil. Int J Pharm Res Appl. 2021;6(5):1285-99.
3.    Sureka P, Agrawal T, Majumder S, Ritambhara K. A Method to Measure Oil Penetration into Hair and Correlation to Tensile Strength. Int J Trichology. 2022 Jul-Aug;14(4):128-134. doi: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_122_20. Epub 2022 Jul 16. PMID: 36081445; PMCID: PMC9447460.
4.    Martel JL, Miao JH, Badri T, Fakoya AO. Anatomy, Hair Follicle. 2024 Jun 22. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 29261946.
5.    Rahmani W, Abbasi S, Hagner A, Raharjo E, Kumar R, Hotta A, et al. Hair follicle dermal stem cells regenerate the dermal sheath, repopulate the dermal papilla, and modulate hair type. Dev Cell. 2014 Dec 8;31(5):543-58. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.10.022. Epub 2014 Nov 26. PMID: 25465495.
6.    Paniagua Gonzalez LM, Tschen JA, Cohen PR. Ectopic Sebaceous Glands in the Hair Follicle Matrix: Case Reports and Literature Review of this Embryogenic Anomaly. Cureus. 2018 Nov 17;10(11):e3605. doi: 10.7759/cureus.3605. PMID: 30680266; PMCID: PMC6338400.
7.    Wortsman X, Carreño L, Ferreira-Wortsman C, Poniachik R, Pizarro K, Morales C, et al. Ultrasound Characteristics of the Hair Follicles and Tracts, Sebaceous Glands, Montgomery Glands, Apocrine Glands, and Arrector Pili Muscles. J Ultrasound Med. 2019 Aug;38(8):1995-2004. doi: 10.1002/jum.14888. Epub 2018 Dec 20. PMID: 30570163.
8.    Pundkar AS, Murkute PM, Wani S, Tathe M. A review: Herbal therapy used in hair loss. Pharm Resonance. 2020;3(1):44-50.
9.    Dulal MSR, Sheikh H, Taher MA, Rahaman MSU, Rahman Z, Malek M. Formulation and finding out the efficacy of the herbal hair oil over simple coconut oil (purified)-A formulation and clinical study in Bangladesh. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2014;5(5):1801.
10.    Gautam S, Dwivedi S, Dubey K, Joshi H. Formulation and evaluation of herbal hair oil. Int J Chem Sci. 2012;10(1):349-53.
11.    Joshi AA. Formulation and evaluation of polyherbal hair oil. Int J Green Pharm. 2017;11(01):135-139.
12.    Darade DV, Gote VP, Deshmukh SP, Bansod NY. A review on formulation and evaluation of herbal hair oil. GSC Biol Pharm Sci. 2023;25(3):001-4.
13.    Yadav AK, Ahamad F, Singh K, Sahu S. A Review Article on the Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Oil. Res J Pharmacog Phytochem. 2024;16(2):138-42.
14.    Demir E, Acaralı N. Comparison on Quality Performance of Human Hair Types with Herbal Oils (Grape Seed/Safflower Seed/Rosehip) by Analysis Techniques. ACS Omega. 2023 Feb 22;8(9):8293-8302. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06550. PMID: 36910971; PMCID: PMC9996578.
15.    Kairey L, Agnew T, Bowles EJ, Barkla BJ, Wardle J, Lauche R. Efficacy and safety of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil for human health-A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Mar 24;14:1116077. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1116077. PMID: 37033604; PMCID: PMC10080088.
16.    Ezekwe N, King M, Hollinger JC. The Use of Natural Ingredients in the Treatment of Alopecias with an Emphasis on Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia: A Systematic Review. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2020 Aug;13(8):23-27. Epub 2020 Aug 1. PMID: 33178378; PMCID: PMC7595365.
17.    Esquenazi D, Wigg MD, Miranda MM, Rodrigues HM, Tostes JB, Rozental S, et al. Antimicrobial and antiviral activities of polyphenolics from Cocos nucifera Linn. (Palmae) husk fiber extract. Res Microbiol. 2002 Dec;153(10):647-52. doi: 10.1016/s0923-2508(02)01377-3. PMID: 12558183.
18.    Drissi A, Girona J, Cherki M, Godàs G, Derouiche A, El Messal M, et al. Evidence of hypolipemiant and antioxidant properties of argan oil derived from the argan tree (Argania spinosa). Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):1159-66. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.03.003. PMID: 15380909.
19.    Aburjai T, Natsheh FM. Plants used in cosmetics. Phytother Res. 2003 Nov;17(9):987-1000. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1363. PMID: 14595575.
20.    Pal M, Molnar J. The growing role of nuts and seeds in human health. Madridge J Food Technol. 2021 Dec 17;6(1):187-8.
21.    Fong P, Tong HH, Ng KH, Lao CK, Chong CI, Chao CM. In silico prediction of prostaglandin D2 synthase inhibitors from herbal constituents for the treatment of hair loss. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Dec 4;175:470-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.005. Epub 2015 Oct 9. PMID: 26456343.
22.    Rele AS, Mohile RB. Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut oil on prevention of hair damage. J Cosmet Sci. 2003 Mar-Apr;54(2):175-92. PMID: 12715094.
23.    Sultana Y, Kohli K, Athar M, Khar RK, Aqil M. Effect of pre-treatment of almond oil on ultraviolet B-induced cutaneous photoaging in mice. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007 Mar;6(1):14-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2007.00293.x. PMID: 17348990.
24.    Baumann L, Weisberg E. Olive oil in botanical cosmeceuticals.  Olives and olive oil in health and disease prevention: Elsevier; 2010. p. 1117-24.
25.    Bahuguna S, Kushwaha RK. Influence of different oils on penetration of human hair by fungi. Int J Cosmet Sci. 1993 Feb;15(1):1-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.1993.tb00062.x. PMID: 19272114.
26.    Lee BH, Lee JS, Kim YC. Hair Growth-Promoting Effects of Lavender Oil in C57BL/6 Mice. Toxicol Res. 2016 Apr;32(2):103-8. doi: 10.5487/TR.2016.32.2.103. Epub 2016 Apr 30. PMID: 27123160; PMCID: PMC4843973.
27.    Mysore V, Arghya A. Hair Oils: Indigenous Knowledge Revisited. Int J Trichology. 2022 May-Jun;14(3):84-90. doi: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_189_20. Epub 2022 May 24. PMID: 35755964; PMCID: PMC9231528.
28.    Preuss HG, Echard B, Enig M, Brook I, Elliott TB. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of herbal essential oils and monolaurin for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Mol Cell Biochem. 2005 Apr;272(1-2):29-34. doi: 10.1007/s11010-005-6604-1. PMID: 16010969.
29.    Oyi A, Onaolapo J, Obi R. Formulation and antimicrobial studies of coconut (Cocos nucifera Linne) oil. Res J Appl Sci, Engin & Technol. 2010;2(2):133-7.
30.    Saxena R, Mittal P, Clavaud C, Dhakan DB, Roy N, Breton L, et al. Longitudinal study of the scalp microbiome suggests coconut oil to enrich healthy scalp commensals. Sci Rep. 2021 Mar 31;11(1):7220. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86454-1. PMID: 33790324; PMCID: PMC8012655.
31.    Rezghi M, Fahimi S, Zakerin S. The Most Frequent Herbs Proposed by Iranian Traditional Medicine for Alopecia Areata. Iran J Med Sci. 2016 May;41(3 Suppl):S69. PMID: 27840535; PMCID: PMC5103579.
32.    Sarkar R, Podder I, Gokhale N, Jagadeesan S, Garg VK. Use of vegetable oils in dermatology: an overview. Int J Dermatol. 2017 Nov;56(11):1080-1086. doi: 10.1111/ijd.13623. Epub 2017 Apr 19. PMID: 28421610.
33.    Lin TK, Zhong L, Santiago JL. Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Dec 27;19(1):70. doi: 10.3390/ijms19010070. PMID: 29280987; PMCID: PMC5796020.
34.    Vaughn AR, Clark AK, Sivamani RK, Shi VY. Natural Oils for Skin-Barrier Repair: Ancient Compounds Now Backed by Modern Science. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018 Feb;19(1):103-117. doi: 10.1007/s40257-017-0301-1. PMID: 28707186.
35.    Lee GS, Hong EJ, Gwak KS, Park MJ, Choi KC, Choi IG, et al. The essential oils of Chamaecyparis obtusa promote hair growth through the induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene. Fitoterapia. 2010 Jan;81(1):17-24. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.06.016. Epub 2009 Jul 2. PMID: 19576968.
36.    Ufomadu P. Complementary and alternative supplements: a review of dermatologic effectiveness for androgenetic alopecia. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2023 Dec 20;37(1):111-117. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2023.2263829. PMID: 38174012; PMCID: PMC10761108.
37.    Uronnachi E, Atuegwu C, Umeyor C, Nwakile C, Obasi J, Ikeotuonye C, et al. Formulation and evaluation of hair growth enhancing effects of oleogels made from Rosemary and Cedar wood oils. Sci Afr. 2022;16:e01223.
38.    Roy RK, Thakur M, Dixit VK. Hair growth promoting activity of Eclipta alba in male albino rats. Arch Dermatol Res. 2008 Aug;300(7):357-64. doi: 10.1007/s00403-008-0860-3. Epub 2008 May 14. PMID: 18478241.
39.    Bhalerao SA, Verma DR, Teli NC, Murukate VR. Eclipta alba (L): An overview. Int J Bioassays. 2013;2(11):1443-7.
40.    Jahan R, Al-Nahain A, Majumder S, Rahmatullah M. Ethnopharmacological Significance of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (Asteraceae). Int Sch Res Notices. 2014 Oct 29;2014:385969. doi: 10.1155/2014/385969. PMID: 27355071; PMCID: PMC4897414.
41.    Timalsina D, Devkota HP. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Asteraceae): Ethnomedicinal Uses, Chemical Constituents, and Biological Activities. Biomolecules. 2021 Nov 22;11(11):1738. doi: 10.3390/biom11111738. PMID: 34827736; PMCID: PMC8615741.
42.    Bhat AA, Shakeel A, Rafiq S, Farooq I, Malik AQ, Alghuthami ME, et al. Juglans regia Linn.: A Natural Repository of Vital Phytochemical and Pharmacological Compounds. Life (Basel). 2023 Jan 30;13(2):380. doi: 10.3390/life13020380. PMID: 36836737; PMCID: PMC9962597.
43.    Besrour N, Oludemi T, Mandim F, Pereira C, Dias MI, Soković M, et al. Valorization of Juglans regia Leaves as Cosmeceutical Ingredients: Bioactivity Evaluation and Final Formulation Development. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Mar 30;11(4):677. doi: 10.3390/antiox11040677. PMID: 35453361; PMCID: PMC9031312.
44.    Garg AP, Müller J. Inhibition of growth of dermatophytes by Indian hair oils. Mycoses. 1992 Nov-Dec;35(11-12):363-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1992.tb00895.x. PMID: 1302812.
45.    Kumar AB, Shamim H, Nagaraju U. Premature Graying of Hair: Review with Updates. Int J Trichology. 2018 Sep-Oct;10(5):198-203. doi: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_47_18. PMID: 30607038; PMCID: PMC6290285.
46.    Bhandari PR, Kamdod MA. Emblica officinalis (Amla): A review of potential therapeutic applications. Int J Green Pharm (IJGP). 2012;6(4).
47.    Tomar RS, Shrivastava V. Efficacy evaluation of ethanolic extract of Brassica nigra as potential antimicrobial agent against selected microorganisms. IJPHC. 2014;3:117-23.
48.    Moradi kor Z, Bayati Zadeh J. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) As a Valuable Medicinal Plant. Int J Adv Biol Biomed Res. 2013;1:922-31.
49.    Verma V, Saxena R, Garg P, Sharma S, Khanna P, Singh M. Effect of germinated seeds of fenugreek on malassezia furfur from hair dandruff. Int J Curr Res. 2011;3:322-3.
50.    Dharajiya D, Jasani H, Khatrani T, Kapuria M, Pachchigar K, Patel P. Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activity of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) extracts. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2016;8(4):212-7.
51.    Moers-Carpi M. Influence of nutritive factors on hair growth. Aktuelle Derm. 2011;37(5):171.
52.    Noudeh GD, Sharififar F, Khazaeli P, Mohajeri E, Jahanbakhsh J. Formulation of herbal conditioner shampoo by using extract of fenugreek seeds and evaluation of its physicochemical parameters. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5(22):2420-7.
53.    Schulz C, Bielfeldt S, Reimann J. Fenugreek+ micronutrients: Efficacy of a food supplement against hair loss. Cosmetologica. 2006;27(4):176.
54.    Srivastav A, Dandekar P, Jain R. Penetration study of oils and its formulations into the human hair using confocal microscopy. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019 Dec;18(6):1947-1954. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12918. Epub 2019 Apr 1. PMID: 30932314.
56.    Baldisserotto A, Barbari R, Tupini C, Buzzi R, Durini E, Lampronti I, et al. Multifunctional Profiling of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts for Topical Application: A Comparative Study of Different Collection Time. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023 Feb 8;12(2):411. doi: 10.3390/antiox12020411. PMID: 36829968; PMCID: PMC9952562.
57.    Baldisserotto A, Buso P, Radice M, Dissette V, Lampronti I, Gambari R, et al. Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts as Multifunctional Ingredients for "Natural and Organic" Sunscreens and Photoprotective Preparations. Molecules. 2018 Mar 15;23(3):664. doi: 10.3390/molecules23030664. PMID: 29543741; PMCID: PMC6017530.
58.    Inan Yuksel E, Cicek D, Demir B, Sahin K, Tuzcu M, Orhan C, et al. Garlic Exosomes Promote Hair Growth Through the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway and Growth Factors. Cureus. 2023 Jul 19;15(7):e42142. doi: 10.7759/cureus.42142. PMID: 37602007; PMCID: PMC10438139.
59.    Cho YH, Lee SY, Jeong DW, Choi EJ, Kim YJ, Lee JG, et al. Effect of pumpkin seed oil on hair growth in men with androgenetic alopecia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:549721. doi: 10.1155/2014/549721. Epub 2014 Apr 23. PMID: 24864154; PMCID: PMC4017725.
60.    Teeranachaideekul V, Parichatikanond W, Junyaprasert VB, Morakul B. Pumpkin Seed Oil-Loaded Niosomes for Topical Application: 5α-Reductase Inhibitory, Anti-Inflammatory, and In Vivo Anti-Hair Loss Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 Jul 27;15(8):930. doi: 10.3390/ph15080930. PMID: 36015077; PMCID: PMC9412580.
61.    Hajhashemi V, Rajabi P, Mardani M. Beneficial effects of pumpkin seed oil as a topical hair growth promoting agent in a mice model. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2019 Nov-Dec;9(6):499-504. doi: 10.22038/AJP.2019.13463. PMID: 31763209; PMCID: PMC6823528.
62.    Verma H. Comment on "effect of pumpkin seed oil on hair growth in men with androgenetic alopecia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:271474. doi: 10.1155/2015/271474. Epub 2015 Mar 31. PMID: 25918542; PMCID: PMC4396906.
63.    Kim J-S, Kim J-S. Effect of tea tree oil on improvement of hair damage. Asian J Beauty Cosmetol. 2021;19(3):333-42.
64.    Del Campo R, Zhang Y, Wakeford C. Effect of Miracle Fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) Seed Oil (MFSO®) on the Measurable Improvement of Hair Breakage in Women with Damaged Hair: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Eight-month Trial. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017 Nov;10(11):39-48. Epub 2017 Nov 1. PMID: 29399260; PMCID: PMC5774910.
65.    Devidas PV, Hingne DL. Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Shampoo from Piper Betel and Psidium Guajava Leaves. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol. 2022;10(6):3792-800.
66.    He Z, Tan JS, Abbasiliasi S, Lai OM, Tam YJ, Ariff AB. Phytochemicals, nutritionals and antioxidant properties of miracle fruit Synsepalum dulcificum. Ind Crops Prod. 2016;86:87-94.
67.    Gautam S, Dwivedi S, Dubey K, Joshi H. Formulation and evaluation of herbal hair oil. Int J Chem Sci. 2012;10(1):349-53.
68.    Sumit K, Vivek S, Sujata S, Ashish B. Herbal cosmetics: Used for skin and hair. Inven J. 2012 Oct 10;2012(4):1-7.
69.    Marsh JM, Whitaker S, Felts T, Cowans C, Gupta S, Masirevic S, et al. Penetration of oils into hair. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2024 Dec;46(6):905-917. doi: 10.1111/ics.12978. Epub 2024 Jun 24. PMID: 38922913.
70.    Ferreira Rodrigues LG, de Carvalho JFA, Pinto CdSC, Santos EP, Elias Mansur CR. Plant Oil-based Nanoemulsions: Preparation and Efficacy for Hair Treatment. Curr Appl Polym Sci. 2021;4(1):72-82.
71.    Tamashiro FL, Yukuyama MN, Velasco MVR, De Araújo GLB, Bou-Chacra NA. Nanoemulsions containing plant oils: How do they influence hair treatment? Int J Cosmet Sci. 2021 Apr;43(2):136-143. doi: 10.1111/ics.12667. Epub 2020 Dec 13. PMID: 33043463.
72.    Fregonesi A, Scanavez C, Santos L, De Oliveira A, Roesler R, Escudeiro C, et al. Brazilian oils and butters: the effect of different fatty acid chain composition on human hair physiochemical properties. J Cosmet Sci. 2009 Mar-Apr;60(2):273-80. PMID: 19450426.
73.    Gavali V. Anatomical view of administration route of Murdha Taila. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;9(6):215-21.
74.    Baishya D, Choudhury A, Deka H, Hoque N, Jyrwa R, Sarmah J. Preparation of herbal hair oil exploring the therapeutic benefits of herbs and its evaluation. J Appl Pharm Res. 2024 Feb 29;12(1):116-26.
75.    Abelan US, de Oliveira AC, Cacoci ÉSP, Martins TEA, Giacon VM, Velasco MVR, Lima CRRC. Potential use of essential oils in cosmetic and dermatological hair products: A review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022 Apr;21(4):1407-1418. doi: 10.1111/jocd.14286. Epub 2021 Jun 23. PMID: 34129742.
76.    Ernst E. Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology. Br J Dermatol. 2000 Nov;143(5):923-9. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03822.x. PMID: 11069498.
77.    Niggemann B, Grüber C. Side-effects of complementary and alternative medicine. Allergy. 2003 Aug;58(8):707-16. doi: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00219.x. PMID: 12859546.
78.    Burlec AF, Macovei I, Sacarescu A, Corciova A, Mircea C, Iancu CE, et al. Essential oils in wellness centers: overview on european union legislation, potential therapeutic effects and toxicity. Farmacia. 2020;68(6):992-8.
79.    Hamzah MH, Man HC, Abidin ZZ, Jamaludin H. Comparison of Citronella Oil Extraction Methods from Cymbopogon nardus Grass by Ohmic-heated Hydro-distillation, Hydro-Distillation, and Steam Distillation. BioRes. 2014;9(1): 256-272.
80.    Cakaloglu B, Ozyurt VH, Otles S. Cold press in oil extraction. A review. Food Technol. 2018;7:640-54
81.    Garcia-Vaquero M, Rajauria G, Tiwari B. Conventional extraction techniques: Solvent extraction.  Sustainable seaweed technologies: Elsevier; 2020. p. 171-89.
82.    Pensuk W, Padumanonda T, Pichaensoonthon C. Comparison of the chemical constituents in Michelia alba flower oil extracted by steam distillation, hexane extraction and enfleurage method. Journal of Thai Traditional & Alternative Medicine. 2007;5(1):30-9.
83.    Rasul MG. Conventional extraction methods use in medicinal plants, their advantages and disadvantages. Int J Basic Sci Appl Comput. 2018;2:10-4.
84.    Shen L, Pang S, Zhong M, Sun Y, Qayum A, Liu Y, et al. A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies. Ultrason Sonochem. 2023 Dec;101:106646. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106646. Epub 2023 Oct 13. PMID: 37862945; PMCID: PMC10594638.
85.    Coelho TLS, Silva DSN, Dos Santos Junior JM, Dantas C, Nogueira ARA, Lopes Júnior CA, et al. Multivariate optimization and comparison between conventional extraction (CE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of carotenoid extraction from cashew apple. Ultrason Sonochem. 2022 Mar;84:105980. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105980. Epub 2022 Mar 10. Erratum in: Ultrason Sonochem. 2022 May;86:106015. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106015. PMID: 35288329; PMCID: PMC8921489.
86.    Chan CH, Yusoff R, Ngoh GC, Kung FW. Microwave-assisted extractions of active ingredients from plants. J Chromatogr A. 2011 Sep 16;1218(37):6213-25. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.040. Epub 2011 Jul 23. PMID: 21820119.
87.    Eskilsson CS, Björklund E. Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. J Chromatogr A. 2000 Dec 1;902(1):227-50. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00921-3. PMID: 11192157.
88.    Khan MKI, Ghauri YM, Alvi T, Amin U, Khan MI, Nazir A, et al. Microwave assisted drying and extraction technique; kinetic modelling, energy consumption and influence on antioxidant compounds of fenugreek leaves. Food Sci Technol. 2021;42:e56020.
89.    Chakraborty P, Hanafiah MM, Lakkaboyana SK. Food chain and green chemistry. InGreen chemistry in agriculture and food production 2023 Mar 10 (pp. 198-224). CRC Press.
90.    Sairam P, Ghosh S, Jena S, Rao K, Banji D. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)-an overview. Asian J Res Pharm Sci. 2012;2(3):112-20.
91.    Akanda MJ, Sarker MZ, Ferdosh S, Manap MY, Ab Rahman NN, Ab Kadir MO. Applications of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of palm oil and oil from natural sources. Molecules. 2012 Feb 10;17(2):1764-94. doi: 10.3390/molecules17021764. PMID: 22328076; PMCID: PMC6268233.
92.    Sui X, Jiang L, Li Y, Liu S. The research on extracting oil from watermelon seeds by aqueous enzymatic extraction method. Procedia Eng. 2011;15:4673-80.
93.    Gao Y, Shi Y, Miao N, Xing W, Yun C, Wang S, et al. A green ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction method for efficient extraction of total polyphenols from Empetrum nigrum and determination of its bioactivities. J Ind Eng Chem. 2022;109:559-67.
94.    Mukerjee S, Chandrakar M, Gupta P, Khan A, Pal R, Dwivedi A, et al. A Two-Stage Extraction Model for Simultaneous Extraction of Essential Oil & Phenolics from Tulsi Leaves: Implementing blended-mode microwave hydro diffusion and gravity (MHG) model. Sustainable Food Technol. 2024;2:1686-1696.
95.    Olalere OA, Gan C-Y, Taiwo AE, Adeyi O, Olaiya FG. Essential Oils: Sustainable Extraction Techniques and Nutraceuticals Perspectives.  Bioactive Extraction and Application in Food and Nutraceutical Industries: Springer; 2024. p. 373-89.
96.    Li Y, Fabiano-Tixier A-S, Chemat F, Li Y, Fabiano-Tixier A-S, Chemat F. Essential oils: from conventional to green extraction. Essential oils as reagents in Green Chemistry. 2014:9-20.
97.    Brah AS, Obuah C, Adokoh CK. Innovations and modifications of current extraction methods and techniques of citrus essential oils: a review. Discov Appl Sci. 2024;6(9):460.
98.    Amar Z, Abdelwahab B, Abdelhakim B, Noureddine G. Environmental impact on the chemical composition and yield of essential oils of Algerian Ruta montana (Clus.) L. and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Advances in Environmental Biology. 2012;6(10):2684-8.
99.    Radivojac A, Bera O, Zeković Z, Teslić N, Mrkonjić Ž, Bursać Kovačević D, et al. Extraction of Peppermint Essential Oils and Lipophilic Compounds: Assessment of Process Kinetics and Environmental Impacts with Multiple Techniques. Molecules. 2021 May 13;26(10):2879. doi: 10.3390/molecules26102879. PMID: 34068025; PMCID: PMC8152490.
100.    McElroy K. Herbal medicine practice: future environmental impacts. Aust J Herb Med. 2011;23(4):164-7.
101.    Hay IC, Jamieson M, Ormerod AD. Randomized trial of aromatherapy. Successful treatment for alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol. 1998 Nov;134(11):1349-52. doi: 10.1001/archderm.134.11.1349. PMID: 9828867.
102.    Panahi Y, Taghizadeh M, Marzony ET, Sahebkar A. Rosemary oil vs minoxidil 2% for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: a randomized comparative trial. Skinmed. 2015 Jan-Feb;13(1):15-21. PMID: 25842469.
103.    Hajare R. Onion juice: An effective home remedy for combating alopecia. IJPRD. 2015;4:93-7.
104.    Rahmasari D, Fazri ZES, Chasanah U. Hair Growth Promotion of Argan Oil (Argania Spinosa Skeels) Nanoemulsion Hair Tonic Preparation With Mice (Mus Musculus). KnE Med. 2022:598–603-598–603.
105.    Subramaniyan V. Therapeutic importance of caster seed oil.  Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention: Elsevier; 2020. p. 485-95.
106.    Tong T, Kim N, Park T. Topical Application of Oleuropein Induces Anagen Hair Growth in Telogen Mouse Skin. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 10;10(6):e0129578. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129578. PMID: 26060936; PMCID: PMC4462586.
107.    Jalaiah M, Meghana B, Anitha K, Jagadeesh A. Haircare treatment on albino rats by using “rosemary oil. J Integral Sci. 2024:1-8.
108.    Eslahi E, Hashemi N, Shamaei S. Eff ectiveness of the active ingredients (Capixyl, Procapil, and rosemary extract) of the Trust J tonic for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in comparison to minoxidil. Our Dermatology Online. 2022;13(4).
109.    Dotto JM, Chacha JS. The potential of pumpkin seeds as a functional food ingredient: A review. Scientific African. 2020;10:e00575.