Investigation of the Therapeutic, Physicochemical, and Pharmaceutical Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Citrullus colocynthis

Objective: Citrullus colocynthis is a perennial plant found in arid regions with medicinal properties. Its fruits contain bioactive compounds that offer laxative, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer effects. However, there are toxicity risks associated with its use, potentially leading to gastrointestinal issues and kidney damage if not used properly, necessitating professional guidance.
Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted on Citrullus colocynthis, also known as bitter cucumber, to explore its traditional medicinal uses. The team searched databases for information on its herbal therapy potential and predicted properties using the SwissADME platform, focusing on solubility and permeability.
Results and Discussion: Cucurbitacins, with larger molecular weights ranging from 516 to 718 daltons, have poor solubility and absorption compared to smaller alkaloids like Kaempferol and Quercetin. These alkaloids can cross the blood-brain barrier more effectively due to their higher Fraction Csp3 indices. Solubility is influenced by factors such as rotatable bond counts, hydrogen bond interactions, polar surface area, and lipophilicity, as indicated by Ilogp and Consensus Log P. Structural characteristics play a significant role in the solubility of flavonoids and phenolic acids. To improve bioavailability, it is recommended to use intravenous solutions and simpler structures.
Conclusion: Smaller drug molecules can enhance bioavailability and cross biological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier. Alkaloids adhere to Lipinski’s rule and exhibit better permeability. Molecular properties play a crucial role in drug efficacy. Citrullus colocynthis demonstrates anti-diabetic effects by improving glucose regulation, with previous trials confirming its safety and efficacy for further research.